Assessing Passive Transfer and Respiratory Pathogen Colonization of Neonatal Beef Calves in a Confinement Operation

1) Determine adequacy of passive transfer, and specifically Mannheimia hemolytica antibodies, in 2 subsets of neonatal calves.2) Characterize presence and relative levels of respiratory pathogens – and changes over time – in nasal swabs in 2 cohorts of calves. 3) Use the results to determine whether changes in vaccine programs are warranted in this herd

The Dependence of Urinary Bladder Responses on Extracellular Calcium Varies Between Muscarinic, Histamine, 5-HT (Serotonin), Neurokinin, Prostaglandin, and Angiotensin Receptor Activation

With many common bladder diseases arising due to abnormal contractions, a greater understanding of the receptor systems involved may aid the development of future treatments. The aim of this study was to identify any difference in the involvement of extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) across prominent contractile-mediating receptors within cells lining the bladder. Strips of porcine urothelium and lamina propria were isolated from the urinary bladder dome and mounted in isolated tissue baths containing Krebs-bicarbonate solution, perfused with carbogen gas at 37°C. Tissue contractions, as well as changes to the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous activity were recorded after the addition of muscarinic, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neurokinin-A, prostaglandin E2, and angiotensin II receptor agonists in the absence and presence of 1 µM nifedipine or nominally zero Ca(2+) solution. The absence of extracellular Ca(2+) influx after immersion into nominally zero Ca(2+) solution, or the addition of nifedipine, significantly inhibited the contractile responses (p < 0.05 for all) after stimulation with carbachol (1 µM), histamine (100 µM), 5-hydroxytryptamine (100 µM), neurokinin-A (300 nM), prostaglandin E2 (10 µM), and angiotensin II (100 nM). On average, Ca(2+) influx from extracellular sources was responsible for between 20–50% of receptor-mediated contractions. This suggests that although the specific requirement of Ca(2+) on contractile responses varies depending on the receptor, extracellular Ca(2+) plays a key role in mediating G protein-coupled receptor contractions of the urothelium and lamina propria